Thomas Balslev, a paediatric neurologist and educational researcher, defended his thesis on 24 November 2011. The thesis included five published papers, and investigated learning with authentic, brief patient video cases. With analysis of a video case in a small group, learning processes and sharing of knowledge was intensely stimulated. Small group discussion and subsequent listening to an expert’s think-aloud were particularly effective approaches to enhance diagnostic accuracy among non-experts. In a descriptive study, expertise-related differences during analysis of patient video cases were characterized, and in a controlled study, different types of visual modelling were tested.